The man widely credited with the invention of the incubator was Giovanni Batista Della Porta in 1588, although it is believed that the first ones were used long before by the ancient Egyptians. In 1666 a Dutchman called Cornelius Drebbel invented the thermostatically controlled incubator, known as the Athenor. Over a hundred years later John Champion of Britain took out the first patent.
The purpose of an incubator is to create and maintain an environment to assist growth and development of various species. These `species' were often biological experiments, such as bacteria or birds eggs, all of which require stable temperatures. However, since Victorian times the incubator has become most widely used for premature or sick babies.
The most common type found today is the transparent crib, through which the baby can easily be observed. Controlled by a thermostat or a sensor attached to the baby's skin, it maintains a temperature between 36.5 and 37.5 degrees Centigrade. This is known as body temperature. As well as these simple `hot boxes,' there are more sophisticated units for babies requiring more specialised care. These provide a relatively sterile environment and provide much more than just a stable temperature. Humidity is also controlled, as can be the supply of oxygen. Many are fitted with alarm systems which monitor breathing, temperature, heartbeat, etc.
A more recent development is the transport incubator. This is designed to transport babies either within the hospital or from one hospital to another. They are normally used in ambulances but may be put to use in aeroplanes and helicopters.
